Cardiff, UK, May 26, 2024, Chainwire
On May 20, 2024, the Layer2 BEVM development team published a yellow whitepaper titled “Taproot Consensus: A Decentralized BTC Layer2 Solution”. This article details the implementation of Taproot Consensus, leveraging native Bitcoin technologies such as Schnorr signatures, MAST, and Bitcoin SPV nodes to build a fully decentralized BTC Layer2 solution. Taproot Consensus represents a significant step in Bitcoin’s native scalability by innovatively combining existing Bitcoin technologies without modifying the underlying Bitcoin code.
I. History of Bitcoin’s technical iterations
- October 31, 2008: Satoshi Nakamoto published the book “Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”, introducing Bitcoin and the concept of SPV (Simple Payment Verification).
- January 3, 2009: Nakamoto mined the Genesis block, launching Bitcoin. The original code used ECDSA for digital signatures instead of the more appropriate Schnorr signatures, which were patent-protected at the time. Schnorr signatures retain all ECDSA functionalities and security assumptions and can exceed the 15 ECDSA signature limit, allowing Bitcoins to be managed with thousands of addresses without affecting signing speeds.
- 2018: The creators of the Bitcoin core proposed integrating Schnorr signatures with the Bitcoin network.
- November 14, 2021: The Taproot update integrated Schnorr signatures and introduced MAST (Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees), enabling astute contract-like features and decentralized management of multiple signatures.
- BEVM’s Taproot Consensus solution builds on these advancements by combining Schnorr and MAST signatures to manage multi-signature addresses and enable intricate business scenarios in Bitcoin Layer2.
II. Taproot Consensus Overview:
The Yellow Paper begins by highlighting Bitcoin’s entirely non-Turing nature and the restricted functionality of astute contracts. It argues for using Bitcoin’s existing capabilities to build a decentralized Layer 2 solution rather than modifying Bitcoin Layer 1.
BEVM’s Taproot Consensus combines Bitcoin’s Taproot technology (Schnorr and MAST signatures), Bitcoin SPV airy nodes, and the BFT PoS consensus engine to create a decentralized and consistent Layer 2 network.
III. A detailed explanation of the taproot consensus architecture
The Taproot Consensus architecture consists of three main components: Schnorr+MAST, Bitcoin SPV, and Aura+Grandpa.
· Schnorr + MAST: It leverages these technologies from the Taproot update to achieve decentralized multi-Bitcoin signature management based on the Bitcoin code.
· Bitcoin SPV: It allows you to synchronize and verify Bitcoin transactions without running a full node.
· Aura + Grandpa: Advanced PoS consensus protocols for Byzantine fault tolerance, ensuring high consistency between network nodes.
In the BEVM system, each validator has a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The aggregated public key creates a MAST tree, enabling BTC transfers and writes to the threshold signature address. Validators act as Bitcoin SPV airy nodes, synchronizing the state of the BTC network securely and without permission. Aura+Grandpa ensures the security and reliability of the Layer2 network, whose resources are managed based on the BFT consensus.
The working principle of Taproot Consensus is: “In the BEVM system, each validator has a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The characteristics of Schnorr signatures enable proficient aggregation of signatures, thus increasing the security and efficiency of the system. The aggregated Pagg public key, generated through the Musig2 multi-signature scheme, creates a immense MAST (Merkle Abstract Syntax Tree). Once the master MAST tree hash is generated, validators make BTC transfers and entries to the signature threshold address generated by the MAST tree, enabling the application to be submitted. data from the BTC mainnet to the BEVM network. Each validator also acts as a lightweight Bitcoin SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) node, allowing it to securely and lawlessly synchronize the state of the BTC network.
IV. Other technical details in yellow paper (OTC:) – True decentralization
The yellow book also details the implementation of Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV lightweight nodes, and Aura+Grandpa, providing a comprehensive technical overview for those interested in Bitcoin technologies. Explains the Musig2 implementation and contrasts other BTC Layer2 projects such as Mezo, which uses the tBTC protocol. Unlike tBTC, which relies on a network of nine signatories, Taproot Consensus integrates multi-signature networks with the BFT PoS consensus, achieving true decentralization.
Additionally, the yellow book explains the Musig2 implementation process and the differences between other BTC Layer2 projects such as Mezo and Taproot Consensus. Mezo’s core technical structure is based on the tBTC protocol, which uses Bitcoin multi-signature to build a network of threshold signatures, offering powerful consistency compared to classic distributed networks. However, tBTC still relies on a network of nine signatories, while a truly decentralized system should be based on consensus, combining multi-signature networks with BFT PoS (Byzantine Fault Tolerance Proof of Stake) consensus mechanisms. This is the difference between distributed networks and blockchains; distributed networks emphasize distribution but lack the Byzantine consensus on fault tolerance, while blockchains, while also being distributed networks, follow the Byzantine consensus on fault tolerance, achieving true decentralization. Taproot Consensus uses this more advanced design. By integrating Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV airy nodes, and the fault-tolerant Aura and Grandpa Byzantine consensus mechanisms, it creates a highly consistent and secure decentralized Layer 2 scalability solution. This integration increases the scalability and usability of the Bitcoin network and ensures the security and consistency of the BEVM network.
Application
The BEVM team’s yellow whitepaper comprehensively describes Taproot Consensus, a Bitcoin Layer2 solution built entirely on native Bitcoin technologies. It respects and innovates on Bitcoin’s original technological direction, making it a true evolution of Bitcoin’s native scalability technology. As the Bitcoin ecosystem evolves, solutions like Taproot Consensus will be critical to its development, serving as major cornerstones for truly decentralized Bitcoin Layer2 solutions.
About BEVM
BEVM is the first fully decentralized Bitcoin Layer 2 solution compatible with EVM. It enables the DApps ecosystem to run on Bitcoin, using BTC as gas. BEVM enhances Bitcoin’s usability by providing a secure and scalable platform for decentralized applications. The system integrates advanced consensus mechanisms, cross-chain interaction and tough data integrity to ensure a seamless experience. BEVM aims to innovate the Bitcoin ecosystem by offering increased scalability, security, and compatibility with popular Ethereum tools and applications.
For more information, users can visit BEVm’s official website or follow BEVM on Twitter.
contactTommieBEVMtommie@bevm.io
